Understand Frontend Development through FastHTML Header Examples

Basic HTML App

Let’s see what are the default headers of a FastHTML app:

from fasthtml.common import *

# hdrs = (MarkdownJS(), HighlightJS(langs=['python', 'javascript', 'html', 'css']),)
tlink = Script(src="https://cdn.tailwindcss.com"),
dlink = Link(rel="stylesheet", href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/daisyui@4.11.1/dist/full.min.css")
m_hdrs = (MarkdownJS(), )
mt_hdrs = (MarkdownJS(), tlink)
mtd_hdrs = (MarkdownJS(), tlink, dlink)
mtdp_hdrs = (MarkdownJS(), tlink, dlink, picolink)

# hdrs = m_hdrs
# hdrs = mt_hdrs
hdrs="Default"

app = FastHTML()

content = f"""
Using 

    {hdrs}

Here are some _markdown_ elements.

- This is a list item
- This is another list item
- And this is a third list item

**Fenced code blocks work here.**
"""

# @rt('/')
@app.route("/")
def get(req):

    code_content = f"""

Using 

    {hdrs}

    Here are some _markdown_ code elements.

    - This is a list item
    - This is another list item
    - And this is a third list item

    **Fenced code blocks work here.**
    """

    return Titled("Markdown rendering example", Div(content,cls="marked"), Div(code_content, cls="marked"))

serve()

Let’s examine the headers:

Default HTML Headers

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title>Markdown rendering example</title>
    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, viewport-fit=cover">
    <script src="https://unpkg.com/htmx.org@next/dist/htmx.min.js"></script>
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/answerdotai/surreal@main/surreal.js"></script>
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/gnat/css-scope-inline@main/script.js"></script>
    <style>
        .htmx-indicator{opacity:0;}
        .htmx-request .htmx-indicator{opacity:1; transition: opacity 200ms ease-in;}
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <main class="container">
        <h1>Markdown rendering example</h1>
        <div class="marked">
            " Using Default Here are some _markdown_ elements. - This is a list item - This is another list item - And this is a third list item **Fenced code blocks work here.** "
        </div>
        <div class="marked">
            " Using Default Here are some _markdown_ code elements. - This is a list item - This is another list item - And this is a third list item **Fenced code blocks work here.** "
        </div>
    </main>
</body>
</html>

Here is what they mean:

<!DOCTYPE html>:
- This declaration defines the document type and version of HTML. It tells the browser that this is an HTML5 document.
<html>:
- The root element of the HTML document. All other elements are nested inside this.
<head>:
- Contains meta-information about the document, such as the title, character set, and links to external resources (like CSS and JavaScript).
- <title>: Sets the title of the webpage, which appears in the browser tab.
- <meta charset="utf-8">: Specifies the character encoding for the document, ensuring it can display a wide range of characters correctly.
- <meta name="viewport">: This ensures the webpage scales correctly on different devices, especially mobile.
- <script src="...">: Links to external JavaScript files.
  - htmx.js: Enables dynamic interactions and content updates using simple HTML attributes, reducing the need for extensive JavaScript code.
  - surreal.js: Provides a concise and efficient API for DOM manipulation, event handling, and animations, simplifying frontend development tasks.
  - css-scope-inline.js: Facilitates scoped and modular styling, ensuring CSS rules apply only to designated elements, improving style management and preventing conflicts.
<style>:
- Contains CSS rules that style the document. Here, it controls the visibility and opacity transitions of certain elements related to htmx (though this is JavaScript-related).
<body>:
- The body contains all the content of the webpage that is visible to users. This is where the content you created in your Python script is displayed.
<main class="container">:
- A semantic HTML5 element that typically contains the main content of the document.
- class="container": A CSS class that might apply specific styling (like margins or padding) to the main content area.
<h1>:
- The main heading of the page, displaying “Markdown rendering example”.
<div class="marked">:
- A div is a generic container element that groups other elements together. Here, the content is wrapped in two separate div elements.
- class="marked": This class doesn’t inherently affect the display on its own but could be used to apply styles or be selected by scripts for further processing.
- Content Inside the div:
  - The content inside the div is the text you provided in your content and code_content variables in the Python script. However, because no Markdown processing is applied (as you’re using the “Default” setting), the content is displayed as plain text, including the Markdown syntax (like ** for bold and - for lists).

`htmx.js`

What is htmx.js?

htmx.js is a lightweight JavaScript library that enables you to add dynamic and interactive behaviors to your web pages using HTML attributes. It simplifies making HTTP requests and updating parts of your page without writing explicit JavaScript code, promoting a more declarative approach to web development.

What does it do?

htmx allows you to perform actions like fetching content, submitting forms, and handling WebSocket communications directly through HTML attributes. It supports various HTTP methods and can replace, append, or prepend content in specified page elements seamlessly.

Concrete Usage Examples

1. Loading Content with `hx-get`

Scenario: You want to load additional content into a div when a button is clicked.

HTML Structure:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>surreal.js Example</title>
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/answerdotai/surreal@main/surreal.js"></script>
</head>
<body>

    <button>Original Button 1</button>
    <button>Original Button 2</button>

    <script>
        // Apply initial styles and text
        any('button')
            .styles({
                'background-color': 'blue',
                'color': 'white',
                'padding': '10px 20px',
                'border': 'none',
                'border-radius': '5px'
            });

        // Add click event listener to all buttons
        any('button').on('click', function() {
            this.text('Clicked!');
            this.styles({
                'background-color': 'green',
                'color': 'white'
            });
        });
    </script>

</body>
</html>

Explanation: - hx-get="/load-more-content": When the button is clicked, htmx makes a GET request to /load-more-content. - hx-target="#content": Specifies that the response should be inserted into the element with the id content. - hx-swap="beforeend": Determines that the new content should be appended to the existing content inside #content.

Server Response (/load-more-content):

<p>This is additional content loaded via htmx.</p>

Result: When the button is clicked, the new paragraph is fetched from the server and appended to the existing content without a full page reload.

2. Submitting Forms with `hx-post`

Scenario: You have a comment form that should submit data asynchronously and display the new comment without reloading the page.

HTML Structure:

<form 
    hx-post="/submit-comment" 
    hx-target="#comments"
    hx-swap="afterbegin"
    hx-trigger="submit">
    <textarea name="comment" required></textarea>
    <button type="submit">Post Comment</button>
</form>

<div id="comments">
    <!-- Existing comments here -->
</div>

Explanation: - hx-post="/submit-comment": On form submission, htmx sends a POST request to /submit-comment with form data. - hx-target="#comments": Specifies that the server’s response should be inserted into the #comments div. - hx-swap="afterbegin": Inserts the new comment at the beginning of the comments list. - hx-trigger="submit": Defines that the request should be triggered upon form submission.

Server Response (/submit-comment):

<div class="comment">
    <p>User's comment content here.</p>
</div>

Result: After submitting the form, the new comment appears instantly at the top of the comments section without reloading the page.

3. Conditional Content Loading with `hx-trigger`

Scenario: Load user details when a user hovers over a username.

HTML Structure:

<span 
    hx-get="/user-details/123" 
    hx-target="#user-info" 
    hx-trigger="mouseover">
    John Doe
</span>

<div id="user-info"></div>

Explanation: - hx-get="/user-details/123": Fetches user details from the specified endpoint. - hx-target="#user-info": Loads the fetched content into the #user-info div. - hx-trigger="mouseover": The request is triggered when the user hovers over the span containing the username.

Server Response (/user-details/123):

<div class="user-details">
    <p>Name: John Doe</p>
    <p>Email: john.doe@example.com</p>
    <p>Location: New York, USA</p>
</div>

Result: Hovering over “John Doe” displays additional user information dynamically.

Including htmx.js simplifies adding interactive features to your webpage without writing extensive JavaScript code. It enhances user experience by enabling asynchronous content loading, form submissions, and dynamic updates, leading to faster and more responsive web applications. The declarative nature of htmx makes your code more readable and maintainable.

`surreal.js`

What is surreal.js?

surreal.js is a minimalistic JavaScript library designed for easy and fluent manipulation of DOM elements. It provides a simple, chainable API similar to jQuery but with a much smaller footprint, making common tasks like selecting elements, adding/removing classes, handling events, and manipulating styles straightforward and concise.

What does it do?

surreal.js offers utility functions to interact with the DOM efficiently. It allows you to select elements using CSS selectors, modify their classes and styles, attach event listeners, and perform animations effortlessly.

Concrete Usage Examples

1. Selecting and Modifying Elements

Scenario: Change the text and style of all buttons on the page.

HTML Structure:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>surreal.js Example</title>
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/answerdotai/surreal@main/surreal.js"></script>
</head>
<body>

    <button>Original Button 1</button>
    <button>Original Button 2</button>

    <script>
        // Select all button elements and modify them
        any('button')
            .text('Updated Button')
            .styles({
                'background-color': 'blue',
                'color': 'white',
                'padding': '10px 20px',
                'border': 'none',
                'border-radius': '5px'
            });
    </script>

</body>
</html>

Explanation: - any('button'): Selects all <button> elements on the page. - .text('Updated Button'): Sets the text content of each button to “Updated Button”. - .styles({...}): Applies multiple CSS styles to each button, changing their appearance.

Result: Both buttons on the page now display “Updated Button” and have updated styles applied, giving them a consistent and styled look.

2. Handling Events

Scenario: Display an alert when a specific div is clicked.

HTML Structure:

<div id="alert-box" style="width:200px; height:100px; background-color:lightgrey; display:flex; align-items:center; justify-content:center; cursor:pointer;">
    Click Me
</div>

<script>
    // Add a click event listener to the div
    me('#alert-box').on('click', () => {
        alert('Div clicked!');
    });
</script>

Explanation: - me('#alert-box'): Selects the element with id alert-box. - .on('click', () => { ... }): Attaches a click event listener that triggers an alert when the div is clicked.

Result: Clicking on the “Click Me” box displays an alert saying “Div clicked!”.

3. Toggling Classes for Interaction

Scenario: Toggle a ‘dark-mode’ class on the body when a button is clicked.

HTML Structure:

<button id="toggle-dark-mode">Toggle Dark Mode</button>

<style>
    .dark-mode {
        background-color: #121212;
        color: #ffffff;
    }
</style>

<script>
    me('#toggle-dark-mode').on('click', () => {
        me('body').classToggle('dark-mode');
    });
</script>

Explanation: - me('#toggle-dark-mode'): Selects the toggle button. - .on('click', () => { ... }): Attaches a click event that toggles the ‘dark-mode’ class on the body. - me('body').classToggle('dark-mode'): Adds or removes the ‘dark-mode’ class from the body, switching between light and dark themes.

Result: Clicking the button switches the webpage between light and dark modes by toggling appropriate styles.

4. Fading Elements In and Out

Scenario: Fade out an image when a user clicks on it.

HTML Structure:

<img id="fade-image" src="image.jpg" alt="Sample Image" style="width:300px;">

<script>
    me('#fade-image').on('click', () => {
        me('#fade-image').fadeOut(1000); // fades out over 1 second
    });
</script>

Explanation: - me('#fade-image'): Selects the image element. - .on('click', () => { ... }): Attaches a click event listener. - .fadeOut(1000): Gradually reduces the opacity of the image over 1000 milliseconds (1 second) until it’s fully hidden.

Result: Clicking on the image smoothly fades it out, providing a pleasant visual effect.

5. Creating and Appending New Elements

Scenario: Dynamically create and add a new list item to an existing list.

HTML Structure:

<ul id="item-list">
    <li>Item 1</li>
    <li>Item 2</li>
</ul>

<button id="add-item">Add Item</button>

<script>
    me('#add-item').on('click', () => {
        const newItem = createElement('li').text('New Item');
        me('#item-list').append(newItem);
    });
</script>

Explanation: - me('#add-item'): Selects the add button. - .on('click', () => { ... }): Adds a click event that creates and appends a new list item. - createElement('li').text('New Item'): Creates a new <li> element and sets its text content. - me('#item-list').append(newItem): Appends the new item to the existing list.

Result: Clicking the “Add Item” button adds a new item to the list dynamically.

Including surreal.js in your webpage simplifies DOM manipulation tasks, allowing you to write cleaner and more concise code. It facilitates rapid development by providing easy-to-use methods for common operations like selecting elements, handling events, and updating styles without the overhead of larger libraries. This leads to improved performance and maintainability of your web application.

`css-scope-inline.js`

What is css-scope-inline.js?

css-scope-inline.js is a utility script that allows you to apply CSS styles scoped to specific elements or components directly inline. This means the styles you define will only affect the intended elements, preventing unintended style overrides and conflicts elsewhere on the page.

What does it do?

This script processes inline CSS and ensures that styles are applied only within a specified scope. It can dynamically generate unique identifiers for elements and apply styles accordingly, promoting modular and maintainable CSS practices.

Concrete Usage Examples

1. Applying Scoped Styles to a Component

Scenario: You have multiple card components on your page, and you want to apply specific styles to one of them without affecting the others.

HTML Structure:

<div class="card" id="special-card">
    <h2>Special Card</h2>
    <p>This card has unique styles.</p>
</div>

<div class="card">
    <h2>Regular Card</h2>
    <p>This card uses default styles.</p>
</div>

<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/gnat/css-scope-inline@main/script.js"></script>

<script>
    cssScopeInline('#special-card', `
        .card {
            background-color: #ffeeba;
            border: 2px solid #ffc107;
            padding: 20px;
            border-radius: 10px;
        }
        .card h2 {
            color: #856404;
        }
        .card p {
            color: #704c00;
        }
    `);
</script>

Explanation: - cssScopeInline('#special-card',…);: Applies the enclosed CSS styles exclusively to the element with id special-card. - Defined styles: Customize the background, border, padding, and text colors specifically for this card. - The other .card elements on the page remain unaffected by these styles.

Result: The “Special Card” displays with unique styling, while other cards retain their default appearance.

2. Dynamic Styling Based on User Interaction

Scenario: Change the style of a section when a user interacts with it, ensuring styles don’t leak to other sections.

HTML Structure:

<div class="interactive-section" id="section-1">
    <p>Click me to change my style!</p>
</div>

<div class="interactive-section" id="section-2">
    <p>I'm another section.</p>
</div>

<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/gnat/css-scope-inline@main/script.js"></script>

<script>
    me('#section-1').on('click', () => {
        cssScopeInline('#section-1', `
            .interactive-section {
                background-color: #d1ecf1;
                color: #0c5460;
                padding: 15px;
                border-left: 5px solid #0c5460;
            }
            .interactive-section p {
                font-weight: bold;
            }
        `);
    });
</script>

Explanation: - me('#section-1').on('click', () => { ... });: Adds a click event to section-1. - cssScopeInline('#section-1',…);: Applies new styles to section-1 upon click. - The styles include background color change, text color, padding, and font weight adjustments. - Isolation: section-2 remains unaffected despite sharing the same class.

Result: Clicking on the first section updates its styles dynamically without impacting the second section.

3. Theming Specific Components

Scenario: Apply a dark theme to a modal dialog without altering the global styles.

HTML Structure:

<div class="modal" id="dark-modal">
    <h3>Dark Themed Modal</h3>
    <p>This modal uses a dark theme.</p>
    <button>Close</button>
</div>

<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/gnat/css-scope-inline@main/script.js"></script>

<script>
    cssScopeInline('#dark-modal', `
        .modal {
            background-color: #343a40;
            color: #ffffff;
            padding: 30px;
            border-radius: 8px;
            width: 400px;
            margin: 100px auto;
            box-shadow: 0 5px 15px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);
        }
        .modal button {
            background-color: #6c757d;
            color: #ffffff;
            border: none;
            padding: 10px 20px;
            border-radius: 4px;
            cursor: pointer;
        }
        .modal button:hover {
            background-color: #5a6268;
        }
    `);
</script>

Explanation: - cssScopeInline('#dark-modal',…);: Applies dark theme styles exclusively to the dark-modal component. - Styles include dark background, white text, styled button, and shadow effects. - Other modals or components with the .modal class are not affected by these styles.

Result: The modal dialog appears with a sleek dark theme, enhancing user experience without interfering with other components’ styles.

Including css-scope-inline.js helps maintain clean and modular CSS by ensuring styles are applied only where intended. It prevents style conflicts and unintended overrides, especially in large applications or when integrating third-party components. This approach enhances maintainability and scalability of your stylesheets, leading to more predictable and consistent styling across your application.

The <style> tag in the provided HTML code contains CSS rules that define the appearance and behavior of elements on the page. In this case, the CSS rules are specifically targeting elements related to htmx, a JavaScript library for adding dynamic behavior to web pages.

Default CSS style rules

<style>
    .htmx-indicator{opacity:0;}
    .htmx-request .htmx-indicator{opacity:1; transition: opacity 200ms ease-in;}
</style>

Rule 1: `.htmx-indicator{opacity:0;}`

Selector: .htmx-indicator
Property: opacity
Value: 0

This rule sets the opacity of elements with the class htmx-indicator to 0, making them fully transparent (invisible).

Rule 2: `.htmx-request .htmx-indicator{opacity:1; transition: opacity 200ms ease-in;}`

Selector: .htmx-request .htmx-indicator
Properties:
- opacity: 1;
- transition: opacity 200ms ease-in;

This rule applies to elements with the class htmx-indicator that are descendants of elements with the class htmx-request. It sets their opacity to 1 (fully visible) and specifies a transition effect for the opacity change, which will take 200ms and use an ease-in timing function.

Detailed Examples

Example 1: Basic Usage

Imagine you have a button that, when clicked, triggers an htmx request. You want to show a loading indicator during the request.

HTML Structure:

<button hx-get="/load-data" hx-target="#result" class="htmx-request">
    Load Data
    <span class="htmx-indicator">Loading...</span>
</button>
<div id="result"></div>

Explanation: - The button has the htmx-request class and an htmx attribute (hx-get) that triggers a request to /load-data. - The span inside the button has the htmx-indicator class.

Behavior: - Initially, the htmx-indicator span is invisible due to opacity: 0;. - When the button is clicked and the request is in progress, the htmx-request class is added to the button, making the htmx-indicator span visible (opacity: 1;) with a smooth transition.

Example 2: Custom Loading Indicator

You can customize the loading indicator to be more visually appealing.

HTML Structure:

<button hx-get="/load-data" hx-target="#result" class="htmx-request">
    Load Data
    <span class="htmx-indicator">
        <img src="spinner.gif" alt="Loading...">
    </span>
</button>
<div id="result"></div>

CSS:

<style>
    .htmx-indicator {
        opacity: 0;
        display: inline-block;
        margin-left: 10px;
    }
    .htmx-request .htmx-indicator {
        opacity: 1;
        transition: opacity 200ms ease-in;
    }
</style>

Explanation: - The htmx-indicator span now contains an image (spinner.gif) to serve as a loading indicator. - The display: inline-block; and margin-left: 10px; properties ensure the indicator is properly positioned next to the button text.

Behavior: - The loading spinner is initially invisible. - When the request is in progress, the spinner becomes visible with a smooth transition.

Summary

The <style> tag in your HTML code is used to define CSS rules that control the visibility and transition effects of elements with the htmx-indicator class during htmx requests. This enhances the user experience by providing visual feedback when asynchronous operations are in progress.

How is the default header built

# %% ../nbs/api/00_core.ipynb
class FastHTML(Starlette):
    def __init__(self, debug=False, routes=None, middleware=None, exception_handlers=None,
                 on_startup=None, on_shutdown=None, lifespan=None, hdrs=None, ftrs=None,
                 before=None, after=None, ws_hdr=False,
                 surreal=True, htmx=True, default_hdrs=True, sess_cls=SessionMiddleware,
                 secret_key=None, session_cookie='session_', max_age=365*24*3600, sess_path='/',
                 same_site='lax', sess_https_only=False, sess_domain=None, key_fname='.sesskey',
                 htmlkw=None, **bodykw):
        middleware,before,after = map(_list, (middleware,before,after))
        secret_key = get_key(secret_key, key_fname)
        if sess_cls:
            sess = Middleware(sess_cls, secret_key=secret_key,session_cookie=session_cookie,
                              max_age=max_age, path=sess_path, same_site=same_site,
                              https_only=sess_https_only, domain=sess_domain)
            middleware.append(sess)
        hdrs,ftrs = listify(hdrs),listify(ftrs)
        htmlkw = htmlkw or {}
        if default_hdrs:
            if surreal: hdrs = [surrsrc,scopesrc] + hdrs
            if ws_hdr: hdrs = [htmxwsscr] + hdrs
            if htmx: hdrs = [htmxscr] + hdrs
            hdrs = [charset, viewport] + hdrs
        excs = {k:_wrap_ex(v, hdrs, ftrs, htmlkw, bodykw) for k,v in (exception_handlers or {}).items()}
        super().__init__(debug, routes, middleware, excs, on_startup, on_shutdown, lifespan=lifespan)
        self.router = RouterX(routes, on_startup=on_startup, on_shutdown=on_shutdown, lifespan=lifespan,
                              hdrs=hdrs, ftrs=ftrs, before=before, after=after, htmlkw=htmlkw, **bodykw)

When default_hdrs=True, and surreal is true it will add the Javascript for surreal and scoping.

    <script src="https://unpkg.com/htmx.org@next/dist/htmx.min.js"></script>
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/answerdotai/surreal@main/surreal.js"></script>
    <script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/gnat/css-scope-inline@main/script.js"></script>
    <style>
        .htmx-indicator{opacity:0;}
        .htmx-request .htmx-indicator{opacity:1; transition: opacity 200ms ease-in;}
    </style>

Add MarkdownJS

Let’s add markdown parser to the headers

...
m_hdrs = (MarkdownJS(), )
hdrs = m_hdrs
app = FastHTML(hdrs=hdrs)
...

How the Markdown Rendering Script Works

Script Inclusion: The script is included in the HTML document within a <script type="module"> tag. This allows the use of ES6 module syntax for importing the marked library and a custom proc_htmx function.

<script type="module">
    import { marked } from "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/marked/lib/marked.esm.js";
    import { proc_htmx } from "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/answerdotai/fasthtml-js/fasthtml.js";
    proc_htmx('.marked', e => e.innerHTML = marked.parse(e.textContent));
</script>

Importing Libraries:
- marked: A popular library for converting Markdown to HTML.
- proc_htmx: A custom function from the fasthtml library that processes elements matching a given selector.
Processing Elements: The proc_htmx function is called with two arguments:
- A CSS selector (.marked) to target elements with the class marked.
- A callback function that sets the innerHTML of each matched element to the result of marked.parse(e.textContent), which converts the Markdown text content to HTML.

Detailed Examples

Example 1: Basic Markdown Conversion

HTML Structure:

<div class="marked">
    Here are some _markdown_ elements.

    - This is a list item
    - This is another list item
    - And this is a third list item

    **Fenced code blocks work here.**
</div>

Rendered HTML:

<div class="marked">
    <p>Here are some <em>markdown</em> elements.</p>
    <ul>
        <li>This is a list item</li>
        <li>This is another list item</li>
        <li>And this is a third list item</li>
    </ul>
    <p><strong>Fenced code blocks work here.</strong></p>
</div>

Explanation: - The div with the class marked contains Markdown text. - The script processes this div, converting the Markdown to HTML using the marked library. - The resulting HTML is set as the innerHTML of the div, rendering the Markdown as formatted HTML.

Example 2: Code Block Conversion

HTML Structure:

<div class="marked">
    ```python
    def hello_world():
        print("Hello, world!")
    ```
</div>

Rendered HTML:

<div class="marked">
    <pre><code class="language-python">def hello_world():
        print("Hello, world!")
    </code></pre>
</div>

Explanation: - The div with the class marked contains a fenced code block in Markdown. - The script processes this div, converting the Markdown code block to HTML using the marked library. - The resulting HTML includes <pre> and <code> tags with appropriate classes for syntax highlighting.

Replace Markdown JS with Tailwind CSS

Removing MarkdownJS

Markdown Not Rendered:
- Without the Markdown rendering script, the Markdown syntax (e.g., **bold**, _italic_, - list item) is not converted to HTML. Instead, it is displayed as plain text.
- This means that elements like lists, bold text, and italic text are not rendered correctly.
Raw Markdown Displayed:
- The content inside the div with the class marked is shown as raw Markdown text, which includes the Markdown syntax characters.

Adding Tailwind CSS

Tailwind CSS Utility Classes:
- Tailwind CSS is a utility-first CSS framework that provides a set of classes to control the layout, spacing, colors, typography, and other aspects of your HTML elements.
- When you add Tailwind CSS, it doesn’t automatically style your content unless you use its utility classes.
Default Styles:
- Tailwind CSS includes some base styles that normalize the appearance of HTML elements across different browsers. This can change the default appearance of elements like headings, paragraphs, and lists.
- Tailwind CSS’s base reset removes default margins and paddings, making it no space between the line start and the window border. To add space, you can use Tailwind CSS utility classes to add padding or margin to your elements.
- However, without specific Tailwind utility classes applied to your elements, the content will not look significantly different from the default browser styles.

Why It Looks Different

Lack of Markdown Conversion:
- The primary reason your content looks different is that the Markdown syntax is not being converted to HTML. This results in the raw Markdown text being displayed, which is not styled or formatted as intended.
Tailwind CSS Base Styles:
- Tailwind CSS applies some base styles that might slightly alter the appearance of your text, such as font sizes, line heights, and margins. However, these changes are usually subtle and not the main reason for the drastic difference in appearance.

Example Comparison

With Markdown JS (Rendered Markdown)

HTML Structure:

<div class="marked">
    Here are some _markdown_ elements.

    - This is a list item
    - This is another list item
    - And this is a third list item

    **Fenced code blocks work here.**
</div>

Rendered HTML:

<div class="marked">
    <p>Here are some <em>markdown</em> elements.</p>
    <ul>
        <li>This is a list item</li>
        <li>This is another list item</li>
        <li>And this is a third list item</li>
    </ul>
    <p><strong>Fenced code blocks work here.</strong></p>
</div>

Without Markdown JS (Raw Markdown)

HTML Structure:

<div class="marked">
    Here are some _markdown_ elements.

    - This is a list item
    - This is another list item
    - And this is a third list item

    **Fenced code blocks work here.**
</div>

Displayed Content:

Here are some _markdown_ elements.

- This is a list item
- This is another list item
- And this is a third list item

**Fenced code blocks work here.**

Adding Tailwind CSS

HTML Structure with Tailwind CSS:

<div class="marked">
    Here are some _markdown_ elements.

    - This is a list item
    - This is another list item
    - And this is a third list item

    **Fenced code blocks work here.**
</div>

Tailwind CSS Link:

<link href="https://cdn.tailwindcss.com" rel="stylesheet">

Result: - The content will still display the raw Markdown text. - Tailwind CSS base styles might slightly alter the appearance, but the Markdown syntax will not be converted to HTML.

Conclusion

To achieve the desired appearance, you need both the Markdown rendering script to convert Markdown syntax to HTML and Tailwind CSS to style the HTML elements. Removing the Markdown rendering script results in raw Markdown text being displayed, while adding Tailwind CSS without applying its utility classes does not significantly change the appearance of the content.

Use DaisyUI instead of Taiwind

… d_hdrs = (dlink, ) hdrs = d_hdrs app = FastHTML(hdrs=hdrs) …

When you change from Tailwind CSS to DaisyUI, you are essentially switching from a utility-first CSS framework to a component-based CSS framework built on top of Tailwind CSS. DaisyUI provides pre-designed components and utility classes that make it easier to build user interfaces quickly.

What Happens When You Use DaisyUI

Component-Based Styling:
- DaisyUI provides a set of pre-designed components like buttons, cards, forms, and more. These components come with predefined styles that you can use directly in your HTML.
- Example:
```
<button class="btn btn-primary">Primary Button</button>
```
Utility Classes:
- DaisyUI still allows you to use Tailwind CSS utility classes, as it is built on top of Tailwind CSS. This means you can combine DaisyUI components with Tailwind’s utility classes for more granular control over your styles.
Theming:
- DaisyUI supports theming, allowing you to easily switch between different themes or create your own custom themes.

Summary

Switching to DaisyUI provides you with pre-designed components and utility classes that simplify the process of building user interfaces. You can still use Tailwind CSS utility classes alongside DaisyUI components for more control over your styles. The example above demonstrates how to use DaisyUI to style your HTML elements, making it easier to create a visually appealing design.

Using picolink

...
p_hdrs = (picolink, )
hdrs = p_hdrs
app = FastHTML(hdrs=hdrs)
...

Pico.css is designed to provide a clean and minimalistic design with sensible defaults for HTML elements. This means you won’t need to add many classes to achieve a good-looking design.

Directly using Pico.css to style without markdown

HTML Structure:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>Styled Content Example</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@picocss/pico@latest/css/pico.min.css">
    <style>
        .htmx-indicator{opacity:0;}
        .htmx-request .htmx-indicator{opacity:1; transition: opacity 200ms ease-in;}
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <main class="container">
        <h1>Styled Content Example</h1>
        <article>
            <p>Here are some <em>styled</em> elements.</p>
            <ul>
                <li>This is a list item</li>
                <li>This is another list item</li>
                <li>And this is a third list item</li>
            </ul>
            <p><strong>Fenced code blocks work here.</strong></p>
        </article>
        <article>
            <p>Here are some <em>styled</em> code elements.</p>
            <ul>
                <li>This is a list item</li>
                <li>This is another list item</li>
                <li>And this is a third list item</li>
            </ul>
            <p><strong>Fenced code blocks work here.</strong></p>
        </article>
    </main>
</body>
</html>

Explanation

Pico.css for Base Styles:
- Container (<main>): The container class provided by Pico.css centers the content and applies appropriate padding.
- Headings (<h1>): Styled by Pico.css to have appropriate font sizes and margins.
- Paragraphs (<p>): Styled by Pico.css to have appropriate margins, font sizes, and line heights.
- Emphasis (<em>): Styled by Pico.css to italicize text.
- Lists (<ul>, <li>): Styled by Pico.css to have appropriate list styles and spacing.
- Strong (<strong>): Styled by Pico.css to bold text.
- Article (<article>): Used to semantically group content, and it will inherit Pico.css’s default styles.

Result

With this approach, Pico.css provides all the necessary styling for the HTML elements, ensuring a clean and minimalistic design without the need for additional classes. This leverages the strengths of Pico.css to create a visually appealing and well-structured design with minimal effort.

Visual Indicators

To help you visually distinguish the styles applied by Pico.css, you can use browser developer tools:

Inspect Elements:
- Right-click on an element and select “Inspect” to open the developer tools.
- Look at the “Styles” panel to see which CSS rules are applied to the element.
- Pico.css styles will typically be applied without any class selectors, as they target HTML elements directly.

Pico and Tailwind together

...
pt_hdrs = (picolink, tlink, )
hdrs = tp_hdrs
app = FastHTML(hdrs=hdrs)
...

...
tp_hdrs = (tlink, picolink, )
hdrs = tp_hdrs
app = FastHTML(hdrs=hdrs)
...

Tailwind CSS provides utility classes that you explicitly add to elements to apply specific styles. These classes are prefixed with utility names like p-4, bg-gray-100, rounded-lg, etc.

Pico.css provides default styles for HTML elements without the need for additional classes. These styles are applied automatically to elements like paragraphs, lists, headings, etc.

Directly using Pico.css for Base Styles and Tailwind CSS for Customization

HTML Structure:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>Styled Content Example</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@picocss/pico@latest/css/pico.min.css">
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/tailwindcss@2.2.19/dist/tailwind.min.css">
    <style>
        .htmx-indicator{opacity:0;}
        .htmx-request .htmx-indicator{opacity:1; transition: opacity 200ms ease-in;}
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <main class="container mx-auto p-4">
        <h1 class="text-3xl font-bold mb-4">Styled Content Example</h1>
        <article class="p-4 bg-gray-100 rounded-lg shadow-md">
            <p>Here are some <em>styled</em> elements.</p>
            <ul>
                <li>This is a list item</li>
                <li>This is another list item</li>
                <li>And this is a third list item</li>
            </ul>
            <p><strong>Fenced code blocks work here.</strong></p>
        </article>
        <article class="p-4 bg-gray-100 rounded-lg shadow-md mt-4">
            <p>Here are some <em>styled</em> code elements.</p>
            <ul>
                <li>This is a list item</li>
                <li>This is another list item</li>
                <li>And this is a third list item</li>
            </ul>
            <p><strong>Fenced code blocks work here.</strong></p>
        </article>
    </main>
</body>
</html>

Explanation

Pico.css for Base Styles:
- Paragraphs (<p>): Styled by Pico.css to have appropriate margins, font sizes, and line heights.
- Emphasis (<em>): Styled by Pico.css to italicize text.
- Lists (<ul>, <li>): Styled by Pico.css to have appropriate list styles and spacing.
- Strong (<strong>): Styled by Pico.css to bold text.
Tailwind CSS for Customization:
- Container (<main>): Uses Tailwind CSS utility classes container, mx-auto, and p-4 for layout and padding.
- Heading (<h1>): Uses Tailwind CSS utility classes text-3xl, font-bold, and mb-4 for font size, weight, and margin-bottom.
- Article (<article>): Uses Tailwind CSS utility classes p-4, bg-gray-100, rounded-lg, shadow-md, and mt-4 for padding, background color, rounded corners, shadow, and margin-top.

Visual Indicators

To help you visually distinguish between the styles applied by Pico.css and Tailwind CSS, you can use browser developer tools:

Inspect Elements:
- Right-click on an element and select “Inspect” to open the developer tools.
- Look at the “Styles” panel to see which CSS rules are applied to the element.
- Pico.css styles will typically be applied without any class selectors, as they target HTML elements directly.
- Tailwind CSS styles will be applied through utility classes, which you can see in the class attribute of the element.
Class Names:
- Tailwind CSS utility classes are prefixed with specific names like p-4, bg-gray-100, rounded-lg, etc.
- Pico.css does not require additional class names for its default styles, so elements styled by Pico.css will not have these utility class names.

Bring back Markdown JS with pico

...
mp_hdrs = (MarkdownJS(), picolink, )
hdrs = mp_hdrs
app = FastHTML(hdrs=hdrs)
...

This is already so much better compare to the barebone MarkdownJS version.

Let’s bring in Daisy Chat components

from fasthtml.common import *

# First we instantiate our app, in this case we remove the
# default headers to reduce the size of the output.
tlink = Script(src="https://cdn.tailwindcss.com"),
dlink = Link(rel="stylesheet", href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/daisyui@4.11.1/dist/full.min.css")
p_hdrs = (picolink, )
d_hdrs = (dlink, )
m_hdrs = (MarkdownJS(), )
pd_hdrs = (picolink, dlink, )
app = FastHTML(hdrs=d_hdrs)

messages = [
    {"role":"user", "content":"Hello"},
    {"role":"assistant", "content":"Hi, how can I assist you"}
]

def ChatMessage(msg):
    return Div(
        Div(msg['role'], cls="chat-header"),
        Div(msg['content'], cls=f"chat-bubble chat-bubble-{'primary' if msg['role'] == 'user' else 'secondary'}"),
        cls=f"chat chat-{'end' if msg['role'] == 'user' else 'start'}"
    )


# Usage example
@app.route("/")
def get():
    chat_messages = [ChatMessage(msg) for msg in messages]
    chatbox = Div(*chat_messages, cls="chat-box", id="chatlist")
    return Titled("FastHTML is awesome", chatbox)

serve()

# # Setting up the Starlette test client
# from starlette.testclient import TestClient
# client = TestClient(app)
# content_html = client.get("/").text
# display(HTML(content_html))

Daisy UI only

...
d_hdrs = (dlink, )
app = FastHTML(hdrs=d_hdrs)
...

Daisy + Pico

...
pd_hdrs = (picolink, dlink, )
app = FastHTML(hdrs=pd_hdrs)
...

We got better margin/padding support on the overall UI.

Basic CSS

Practical Example

HTML Structure:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>CSS Units and Colors</title>
    <style>
        /* Setting the root font size */
        html {
            font-size: 16px; /* 1rem = 16px */
        }

        /* Styling the body with padding */
        body {
            padding: 2rem; /* 2 * 16px = 32px */
        }

        /* Styling a container */
        .container {
            width: 80%;
            margin: 0 auto;
            background-color: #f0f0f0;
            padding: 1rem;
        }

        /* Styling a box with different units */
        .box {
            width: 10rem; /* 10 * 16px = 160px */
            height: 100px; /* 100px */
            background-color: #007bff; /* Blue color */
            color: white;
            margin-bottom: 1rem; /* 1 * 16px = 16px */
            padding: 1rem; /* 1 * 16px = 16px */
        }

        /* Using pseudo-elements */
        .box::before {
            content: "Before ";
        }
        .box::after {
            content: " After";
        }
    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <div class="container">
        <div class="box">Box 1</div>
        <div class="box">Box 2</div>
    </div>
</body>
</html>

Explanation: - The html element’s font size is set to 16px, making 1rem equal to 16px. - The body element has padding of 2rem, which is 32px. - The .container class centers the container and gives it a background color and padding. - The .box class uses rem and px units for width, height, margin, and padding, and adds a background color. - The ::before and ::after pseudo-elements add content before and after the .box content.

This example demonstrates how to use different CSS units, margins, paddings, and colors to style a webpage.

The Viewport

The viewport line in the HTML code is a meta tag that provides instructions to the browser on how to control the page’s dimensions and scaling on different devices. It’s especially important for responsive web design, which aims to make web pages look good on all devices, including desktops, tablets, and smartphones.

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, viewport-fit=cover">

Breaking It Down

name="viewport":
- This specifies that the meta tag is related to the viewport, which is the area of the web page that is visible to the user.
content="...":
- This attribute defines the properties and behavior of the viewport. The values inside the quotes ("...") are the specific instructions given to the browser.
width=device-width:
- This instructs the browser to set the width of the viewport to the width of the device’s screen. For example, on a smartphone, the width will match the screen’s width in pixels.
- Why it matters: Without this, the browser might assume a default width (often around 980 pixels), which can lead to zoomed-out or poorly scaled content on smaller screens like phones.
initial-scale=1:
- This sets the initial zoom level when the page is first loaded. 1 means no zoom (100% scale), so the page is displayed at its natural size.
- Why it matters: It ensures that the content is displayed at the correct size from the start, without the need for users to zoom in or out.
viewport-fit=cover:
- This is used to control how the viewport interacts with device notches and other non-rectangular screen areas, especially on newer devices like iPhones with “notches” or “cutouts.”
- cover means the viewport should fill the entire screen, including areas under any display cutouts, so the content will stretch to the edges of the screen.
- Why it matters: It ensures that your content can take full advantage of the screen space, including areas around any notches or other non-rectangular parts of the display.

Why It’s Important

Responsive Design: The viewport meta tag is critical for responsive web design, which allows web pages to adapt to different screen sizes and orientations. Without it, web pages may not display correctly on mobile devices, leading to poor user experiences.
Preventing User Zoom Issues: Setting the initial scale and width ensures that users don’t have to pinch to zoom or scroll horizontally to see content properly on small screens.

Example Scenario

On a smartphone, if you didn’t have the viewport meta tag, your page might initially load in a zoomed-out state, making text very small and difficult to read. Users would then have to zoom in manually, which is not ideal for usability. With the viewport tag, the page adjusts itself to the screen size, making text readable and content easily accessible without extra effort from the user.

CSS Selectors

Universal Selector (*):
- The universal selector * targets all elements on the page. It is often used in resets to apply styles to every element.
- Example:
```
* {
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}
```
Pseudo-elements (::before and ::after):
- Pseudo-elements are used to style specific parts of an element. They are not actual elements in the HTML but are used to apply styles to certain parts of an element’s content.
- ::before and ::after are commonly used to insert content before or after the content of an element.
- Example:
```
.example::before {
  content: "Before ";
}
.example::after {
  content: " After";
}
```
- In the above example, if you have an element <div class="example">Content</div>, it will render as “Before Content After”.

CSS Units

Pixels (px):

Pixels are a fixed unit of measurement. The size of a pixel can vary depending on the screen resolution and device, but it is generally consistent within a given device.

Example:

.box {
  width: 100px; /* 100 pixels wide */
  height: 50px; /* 50 pixels tall */
}

Root Em (rem):
- rem stands for “root em” and is a relative unit of measurement. It is relative to the root element’s font size, which is usually the <html> element.
- If the root element’s font size is 16px, then 1rem equals 16px.
- Example:
```
html {
  font-size: 16px; /* 1rem = 16px */
}
.box {
  width: 10rem; /* 10 * 16px = 160px */
  height: 5rem; /* 5 * 16px = 80px */
}
```

Em (em):

em is similar to rem but is relative to the font size of the element it is used on, not the root element.

Example:

.parent {
  font-size: 20px;
}
.child {
  width: 2em; /* 2 * 20px = 40px */
  height: 1.5em; /* 1.5 * 20px = 30px */
}

Percentage (%):

Percentages are relative to the parent element’s size.

Example:

.parent {
  width: 400px;
  height: 200px;
}
.child {
  width: 50%; /* 50% of 400px = 200px */
  height: 50%; /* 50% of 200px = 100px */
}

Viewport Width (vw) and Viewport Height (vh):
- vw and vh are relative to the viewport’s width and height, respectively.
- 1vw is 1% of the viewport’s width, and 1vh is 1% of the viewport’s height.
- Example:
```
.box {
  width: 50vw; /* 50% of the viewport's width */
  height: 50vh; /* 50% of the viewport's height */
}
```
How to Know the Size on Screen:

The size of a px or rem on the screen can be checked using browser developer tools. Right-click on an element, select “Inspect,” and you can see the computed styles, including the width and height in pixels.

Margin and Padding

Margin:

Margin is the space outside the border of an element. It creates space between the element and its neighboring elements.

Example:

.box {
  margin: 20px; /* 20px space outside the element */
}

Padding:

Padding is the space inside the border of an element. It creates space between the content of the element and its border.

Example:

.box {
  padding: 20px; /* 20px space inside the element */
}

Margin-Bottom, Margin-Top, etc.:

You can set margins and paddings for specific sides of an element using properties like margin-top, margin-right, margin-bottom, margin-left, and similarly for padding.

Example:

.box {
  margin-top: 10px; /* 10px space at the top */
  margin-bottom: 20px; /* 20px space at the bottom */
  padding-left: 15px; /* 15px space inside the left side */
  padding-right: 25px; /* 25px space inside the right side */
}

Colors

Hexadecimal Color Codes:

Colors in CSS can be specified using hexadecimal codes, which are a combination of six characters (0-9, A-F) representing the red, green, and blue components of the color.

Example:

.box {
  background-color: #007bff; /* Blue color */
}

RGB and RGBA:

Colors can also be specified using the rgb or rgba functions, where rgba includes an alpha value for transparency.

Example:

.box {
  background-color: rgb(0, 123, 255); /* Blue color */
  background-color: rgba(0, 123, 255, 0.5); /* Blue color with 50% opacity */
}

Named Colors:

CSS also supports named colors, which are predefined color names.

Example:

.box {
  background-color: blue; /* Blue color */
}

Finding Color Codes:

You can use color pickers available in design tools like Adobe Photoshop, GIMP, or online tools like ColorPicker.
Browser developer tools also have built-in color pickers. Right-click on an element, select “Inspect,” and you can see and modify the color properties.

CSS Base Reset

CSS libraries like Tailwind applies a base reset to normalize the appearance of HTML elements across different browsers. This reset includes removing default margins and paddings, which can result in elements being flush against the edges of the window.

Here is an example of what the base reset might look like:

/* Example of Tailwind CSS base reset */
*,
*::before,
*::after {
  box-sizing: border-box;
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
}

body {
  margin: 0;
  padding: 0;
  font-family: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji";
}

Most browsers apply a default margin to the body element (often 8px). This margin can cause the content to be spaced away from the edges of the viewport. Even though the * selector applies to all elements, resetting the body margin and padding explicitly ensures that the body is included in this reset, preventing any default browser-specific margins or paddings that could affect the layout.

Example: Adding Padding to the Body

To add space between the content and the window border, you can use Tailwind CSS utility classes to add padding or margin to your elements.

You can add padding to the body element to create space between the content and the window border.

HTML Structure:

<body class="p-4">
    <main class="container">
        <h1>Markdown rendering example</h1>
        <div class="marked">
            Here are some _markdown_ elements.

            - This is a list item
            - This is another list item
            - And this is a third list item

            **Fenced code blocks work here.**
        </div>
    </main>
</body>

Explanation: - The p-4 class adds padding to all sides of the body element. The 4 represents a spacing unit defined by Tailwind CSS, which typically corresponds to 1rem (16px).

Example: Adding Margin to the Container

Alternatively, you can add margin to the main container to create space around it.

HTML Structure:

<body>
    <main class="container mx-4">
        <h1>Markdown rendering example</h1>
        <div class="marked">
            Here are some _markdown_ elements.

            - This is a list item
            - This is another list item
            - And this is a third list item

            **Fenced code blocks work here.**
        </div>
    </main>
</body>

Explanation:

The mx-4 class adds horizontal margin to the main container. The 4 represents a spacing unit defined by Tailwind CSS, which typically corresponds to 1rem (16px).

Determining the appropriate values for font sizes, box widths, and other dimensions in a design involves a combination of design principles, user experience considerations, and practical testing. Here are some guidelines and best practices to help you make these decisions:

Design CSS Sizes

1. Design Principles and Guidelines

Typography

Readability: Ensure that text is easily readable. A common base font size for body text is 16px, which is a good starting point for most designs.
Hierarchy: Use different font sizes to create a visual hierarchy. Headings should be larger than body text, and subheadings should be somewhere in between.
Line Height: Set an appropriate line height (usually 1.5 times the font size) to ensure text is easy to read.
Responsive Design: Use relative units like em or rem for font sizes to ensure they scale appropriately on different devices.

Layout

Grid Systems: Use a grid system to create a consistent layout. Common grid systems include 12-column grids, which help in determining the width of elements.
Spacing: Use consistent spacing for margins and paddings to create a clean and organized layout. This can be achieved using a spacing scale (e.g., 4px, 8px, 16px, 32px).
Responsive Design: Ensure that your layout adapts to different screen sizes. Use media queries to adjust widths, font sizes, and other dimensions for different devices.

2. User Experience Considerations

Accessibility: Ensure that font sizes are large enough for all users, including those with visual impairments. The Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) recommend a minimum font size of 16px.
Touch Targets: Ensure that interactive elements (e.g., buttons, links) are large enough to be easily tapped on touch devices. A minimum size of 44px by 44px is recommended.
Content: Consider the type and amount of content. For example, a blog post might require a wider content area than a sidebar.

3. Practical Testing and Iteration

Prototyping: Use design tools like Figma, Sketch, or Adobe XD to create prototypes and test different font sizes and dimensions.
User Testing: Conduct user testing to gather feedback on readability, usability, and overall design.
Browser Developer Tools: Use browser developer tools to experiment with different values and see how they affect the design in real-time.

Example: Determining Font Sizes and Box Widths

Step 1: Define Base Font Size

Start with a base font size for body text. A common choice is 16px.

body {
    font-size: 16px; /* Base font size */
    line-height: 1.5; /* Line height for readability */
}

Step 2: Define Heading Sizes

Create a hierarchy for headings using relative units.

h1 {
    font-size: 2rem; /* 32px */
}
h2 {
    font-size: 1.5rem; /* 24px */
}
h3 {
    font-size: 1.25rem; /* 20px */
}

Step 3: Define Box Widths and Spacing

Use a grid system and spacing scale to determine box widths and spacing.

.container {
    width: 80%; /* 80% of the viewport width */
    max-width: 1200px; /* Maximum width for larger screens */
    margin: 0 auto; /* Center the container */
    padding: 1rem; /* 16px padding */
}

.box {
    width: calc(100% / 3 - 2rem); /* One-third of the container width minus spacing */
    margin: 1rem; /* 16px margin */
    padding: 1rem; /* 16px padding */
    background-color: #f0f0f0; /* Background color */
}

Step 4: Responsive Design

Use media queries to adjust font sizes and box widths for different screen sizes.

@media (max-width: 768px) {
    .container {
        width: 90%;
    }

    .box {
        width: calc(100% / 2 - 1rem); /* Adjust for smaller screens */
    }
}

@media (max-width: 480px) {
    .box {
        width: 100%; /* Full width for very small screens */
        margin: 0 0 1rem 0; /* Adjust margin */
    }
}

Summary

Determining the appropriate values for font sizes, box widths, and other dimensions involves:

Design Principles: Follow guidelines for readability, hierarchy, and layout.
User Experience: Consider accessibility, touch targets, and content requirements.
Practical Testing: Use design tools, user testing, and browser developer tools to iterate and refine your design.

By combining these approaches, you can create a design that is both visually appealing and user-friendly.

Basic HTML App

Default HTML Headers

htmx.js

What is htmx.js?

What does it do?

Concrete Usage Examples

1. Loading Content with hx-get

2. Submitting Forms with hx-post

3. Conditional Content Loading with hx-trigger

surreal.js

What is surreal.js?

What does it do?

Concrete Usage Examples

1. Selecting and Modifying Elements

2. Handling Events

3. Toggling Classes for Interaction

4. Fading Elements In and Out

5. Creating and Appending New Elements

css-scope-inline.js

What is css-scope-inline.js?

What does it do?

Concrete Usage Examples

1. Applying Scoped Styles to a Component

2. Dynamic Styling Based on User Interaction

3. Theming Specific Components

Default CSS style rules

Rule 1: .htmx-indicator{opacity:0;}

Rule 2: .htmx-request .htmx-indicator{opacity:1; transition: opacity 200ms ease-in;}

Detailed Examples

Example 1: Basic Usage

Example 2: Custom Loading Indicator

Summary

How is the default header built

Add MarkdownJS

How the Markdown Rendering Script Works

Detailed Examples

Example 1: Basic Markdown Conversion

Example 2: Code Block Conversion

Replace Markdown JS with Tailwind CSS

Why It Looks Different

Example Comparison

With Markdown JS (Rendered Markdown)

Without Markdown JS (Raw Markdown)

Adding Tailwind CSS

Conclusion

Use DaisyUI instead of Taiwind

What Happens When You Use DaisyUI

Summary

Using picolink

Directly using Pico.css to style without markdown

Explanation

Result

Visual Indicators

Pico and Tailwind together

Directly using Pico.css for Base Styles and Tailwind CSS for Customization

Explanation

Visual Indicators

Bring back Markdown JS with pico

Let’s bring in Daisy Chat components

Daisy UI only

Daisy + Pico

Basic CSS

Practical Example

The Viewport

Breaking It Down

Why It’s Important

Example Scenario

CSS Selectors

CSS Units

Margin and Padding

Colors

CSS Base Reset

Example: Adding Padding to the Body

Example: Adding Margin to the Container

Design CSS Sizes

1. Design Principles and Guidelines

Typography

Layout

2. User Experience Considerations

3. Practical Testing and Iteration

`htmx.js`

1. Loading Content with `hx-get`

2. Submitting Forms with `hx-post`

3. Conditional Content Loading with `hx-trigger`

`surreal.js`

`css-scope-inline.js`

Rule 1: `.htmx-indicator{opacity:0;}`

Rule 2: `.htmx-request .htmx-indicator{opacity:1; transition: opacity 200ms ease-in;}`